SUMSearch 2

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Conclusion: regnancy was not associated with children's risk of autism, ADHD, or intellectual disability in sibling control analysis. This suggests that associations observed in other models may have been attributable to familial confounding.

Impact/quality: Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion: d with ADHD, medication initiation was associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality, particularly for death due to unnatural causes.

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; *

Conclusion: ially designed computerized simulated-driving program with feedback to reduce long glances away from the roadway reduced the frequency of long glances and lessened variation in lane position as compared with a control program. During real-world driving in the year after training, the rate of collisions and near-collisions was lower in the intervention group. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02848092.).

Impact/quality: Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion: ew of health records of preschool-age children with ADHD treated in developmental-behavioral pediatric practices, improvement was noted in the majority of children who received α2-adrenergic agonists or stimulants, with differing adverse effect profiles between medication classes. Further research, including from randomized clinical trials, is needed to assess comparative effectiveness of α2-adrenergic agonists vs stimulants.

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; *

Conclusion: g adults with ADHD who were receiving prescription stimulants, new-onset psychosis occurred in approximately 1 in 660 patients. Amphetamine use was associated with a greater risk of psychosis than methylphenidate. (Funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and others.).

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; * Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion: atment of ADHD are higher among children born in August than among children born in September in states with a September 1 cutoff for kindergarten entry. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health.).

Impact/quality: Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion: up over 2 years, there was a statistically significant but modest association between higher frequency of digital media use and subsequent symptoms of ADHD. Further research is needed to determine whether this association is causal.

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; * Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion: Sibling matched analysis identified no significant difference in risk of ADHD in siblings exposed to antidepressants during gestation and those not exposed during gestation (0.54, 0.17 to 1.74, P=0.30).Conclusions The findings suggest that the association between prenatal use of antidepressants and risk of ADHD in offspring can be partially explained by confounding by indication of antidepressants. If there is a causal association, the size of the effect is probably smaller than that reported previously.

Conclusion: eden, after accounting for confounding factors, first-trimester exposure to antidepressants, compared with no exposure, was associated with a small increased risk of preterm birth but no increased risk of small for gestational age, autism spectrum disorder, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; * Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion:  The relative risk of myocardial infarction and arrhythmias is increased in the early period after the start of methylphenidate treatment for ADHD in children and young people. Though the absolute risk is likely to be low, the risk-benefit balance of methylphenidate should be carefully considered, particularly in children with mild ADHD.

Conclusion: Is treatment with methylphenidate associated with benefits or harms for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; *

Conclusion: ADHD was associated with significantly increased mortality rates. People diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood had a higher MRR than did those diagnosed in childhood and adolescence. Comorbid oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and substance use disorder increased the MRR even further. However, when adjusted for these comorbidities, ADHD remained associated with excess mortality, with higher MRRs in girls and women with ADHD than in boys and men with ADHD. The excess mortality in ADHD was mainly driven by deaths from unnatural causes, especially accidents.

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; *

Conclusion: A brief behavioural sleep intervention modestly improves the severity of ADHD symptoms in a community sample of children with ADHD, most of whom were taking stimulant medications. The intervention also improved the children's sleep, behaviour, quality of life, and functioning, with most benefits sustained to six months post-intervention. The intervention may be suitable for use in primary and secondary care.Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN68819261.

Conclusion: This study found no evidence for a positive association between the use of drug treatments for ADHD and the risk of concomitant suicidal behaviour among patients with ADHD. If anything, the results pointed to a potential protective effect of drugs for ADHD on suicidal behaviour, particularly for stimulant drugs. The study highlights the importance of using within patient designs to control for confounding in future pharmacoepidemiological studies.

Conclusion: Our findings show that specific SNPs are associated with a range of psychiatric disorders of childhood onset or adult onset. In particular, variation in calcium-channel activity genes seems to have pleiotropic effects on psychopathology. These results provide evidence relevant to the goal of moving beyond descriptive syndromes in psychiatry, and towards a nosology informed by disease cause.

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; * Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion: Among patients with ADHD, rates of criminality were lower during periods when they were receiving ADHD medication. These findings raise the possibility that the use of medication reduces the risk of criminality among patients with ADHD. (Funded by the Swedish Research Council and others.).

Impact/quality: Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion: Treatment of children with central nervous stimulants is not significantly associated with an increase in the short term risk of severe cardiac events. Analyses cannot be generalised to children with long term use of stimulants. Furthermore, long term effects of slight increases in heart rate or blood pressure are unknown.

Impact/quality: Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion: This large study showed no evidence that current use of an ADHD drug was associated with an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events, although the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval indicated that a doubling of the risk could not be ruled out. However, the absolute magnitude of such an increased risk would be low. (Funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Food and Drug Administration.).

Impact/quality: Governmental/foundation support * Evid Based Ment Health. 2012 May;15(2):43; **

Conclusion: A strictly supervised restricted elimination diet is a valuable instrument to assess whether ADHD is induced by food. The prescription of diets on the basis of IgG blood tests should be discouraged.

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; *

Conclusion: Our findings provide genetic evidence of an increased rate of large CNVs in individuals with ADHD and suggest that ADHD is not purely a social construct.

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; editorial; * Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion: To explore the hypothesis that medically attended head injury in young children may be causal in the later development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Conclusion: In this study, use of H. perforatum for treatment of ADHD over the course of 8 weeks did not improve symptoms.

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; * Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion: What drove members of a highly respected psychiatric research group to defy the Swedish courts and destroy 15 years' worth of irreplaceable data? A decade after the Gillberg affair began, Jonathan Gornall examines the facts

Conclusion: Definitive diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is complex. David Coghill believes the condition is undertreated, but Harvey Markovitch argues that current uncertainties about diagnosis and treatment mean doctors should be cautious

Conclusion: Definitive diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is complex. David Coghill believes the condition is undertreated, but Harvey Markovitch argues that current uncertainties about diagnosis and treatment mean doctors should be cautious

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; *

Conclusion: The frontal, temporal, and parietal regions are heteromodal association cortices that constitute a distributed neural system, which subserves attention and behavioural inhibition. We have identified region-specific anatomical abnormalities in cortical components of attentional systems, which may help better account for the symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Impact/quality: Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion: Developmental trajectories for all structures, except caudate, remain roughly parallel for patients and controls during childhood and adolescence, suggesting that genetic and/or early environmental influences on brain development in ADHD are fixed, nonprogressive, and unrelated to stimulant treatment.

Conclusion: In our cohort, compared with persons without ADHD, those with ADHD exhibited substantially greater use of medical care in multiple care delivery settings.

Impact/quality: Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion: In our study sample, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder is strongly associated with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone.

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; *

Conclusion: Our results show that EPD permits children with food-induced hyperkinetic syndrome to eat foods that had previously been identified as responsible for their symptoms. These results also support the notion that food allergy is a possible mechanism of the hyperkinetic syndrome.

Conclusion: Glucose metabolism, both global and regional, was reduced in adults who had been hyperactive since childhood. The largest reductions were in the premotor cortex and the superior prefrontal cortex--areas earlier shown to be involved in the control of attention and motor activity.

Impact/quality: Accompanied by editorial; *

Conclusion: Low activity in striatal and posterior periventricular areas was also seen in the 8 children with ADHD in combination with phonologic-syntactic dysphasia. 7 children with dysphasia, but without hyperactive behaviour, had low cerebral activity in left temporofrontal regions.

Conclusion: Since 1971, the Baltimore County Health Department has conducted nine biannual surveys of school nurses in all of the county's public and private schools to determine the prevalence of medication treatment for hyperactivity/inattentiveness among students. The results reveal a consistent doubling of the rate of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students every four to seven years such that in 1987, 5.96% of all public elementary school students were receiving such treatment. Related trends from 1971 to 1987 have been that stimulants increased from 76% to 99% of the medication prescribed; methylphenidate hydrochloride rose from 40% to 93% of the total; the male-female ratio dropped from an average of 8:1 to 5:1; the rate of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students rose faster in secondary than in elementary schools; and 25% of students receiving stimulant medication in 1987 were in special education classes or schools.

Conclusion: 48 foods were incriminated. Artificial colorants and preservatives were the commonest provoking substances, but no child was sensitive to these alone.

Conclusion: In these Tourette's-susceptible patients, stimulants may exacerbate severe motor and phonic tics, requiring discontinuation of administration of stimulants and institution of haloperidol therapy for tic control. Clinical evaluation for tics and Tourette's syndrome in children and their families should precede and dictate use of stimulant medications in children.

Impact/quality: Governmental/foundation support *

Conclusion: Preliminary to a stimulant comparison study, 31 children with minimal brain dysfunction randomly received either placebo or a megavitamin combination. During a two-week trial, only two children responded so well that stiumlants were not considered necessary; both were in the placebo group. Change scores from pretest to posttest on four blind ratings by teachers and parents did not show a significant difference between the placebo and vitamin groups.

Conclusion: Vitamin A intoxication as a consequence of megavitamin therapy for minimal brain dysfunction occurred in a 4-year-old boy. An early clue to diagnosis was provided by an abnormal bone scan.